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Cancel Continue. A Conditions: as for Fig. B Conditions: as for Fig. The binding of oligonucleotides to influenza A virus genes is often hindered by the RNA tertiary structure and by bound proteins [16]. The visual colour change is evident to the naked eye and is sensitive enough to allow the identification of influenza A virus in clinical samples.
Since our detection system relies on the sequence-specific binding of bisPNA-AZO to the target virus gene, there was no cross-reactivity against other influenza virus subtypes. Although further optimization of the linker structure for bisPNA is required, this study demonstrates a fundamental approach for the direct visual identification of infectious virus pathogens by targeting their conserved gene sequences with a hairpin-type peptide nucleic acid. This method will be applicable to the identification of not only influenza A virus subtypes, but also drug-resistant strains caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs.
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. PLoS One. Published online May Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Received Feb 13; Accepted Apr 7. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract To rapidly and specifically identify highly virulent influenza virus strains, we prepared an azobenzene-tethered hairpin-type peptide nucleic acid, bisPNA-AZO, which has a complementary sequence against a highly conserved genomic RNA sequence within the ribonucleoprotein complex of the pandemic influenza A virus, H1N1 subtype.
Introduction The threat of an influenza virus pandemic is increasing worldwide, highlighting the need for a diagnostic test kit that can identify the viral strain and its drug resistance. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Design of azobenzene-tethered bis-peptide nucleic acid. A The chemical structure of azobenzene linker AZO.
Absorption vs. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Conclusions The binding of oligonucleotides to influenza A virus genes is often hindered by the RNA tertiary structure and by bound proteins [16].
DOC Click here for additional data file. Annual epidemics cause severe illnesses, deaths, and economic loss around the world. Transcription and Translation. In the coupled system the optimal concentration of magnesium is intermediate between the optimum for transcription and that for translation. IAV infects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts via endocytosis.
After infection, some viral components are recognized by several pathogen recognition receptors that, in turn, promote downstream cellular and humoral responses, … Influenza type A viruses are RNA viruses categorized into subtypes based on the type of two proteinson the surface of the viral envelope: 1. In the RNP complex, NP in homo-oligomer form not only stabilizes this structure but also modulates viral RNA transcription and replication through … Last time we established that there are eight negative-stranded RNAs within the influenza virion, each coding for one or two proteins.
Here we use RNA-sequencing and ribosome profiling to explore the mechanisms that are being utilized by the Influenza A virus IAV to induce host shutoff. You may want to point out that influenza virus uses RNA for its genome. The translation is the process that takes the information passed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds.
The genome is encapsidated in a lipid bilayer that is studded with the hemagglutinin HA and neuraminidase NA glycoproteins and traversed by the matrix protein 2 M2 proton channel. The key to understanding the genomic expression of viruses is noting the fact that viruses must use host cellular machinery to replicate and make functional and structural proteins.
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